
As we hear distressing news from around the world, we may remind ourselves of times and places when human beings did come close to building a workable and just society for everyone. These were not idealistic communes in the woods but large well-organized societies that managed to achieve a social justice far beyond what was typical of their ages. These episodes have largely been erased from history by conquering empires; many of them are known only through recent archaeological studies.
In this course, we will read about and discuss these times and places: from the Indus Valley civilization, the most advanced society of 2000 BC, to the small self-governing city states in Central America, which held off the encroachments of the Aztec empire for centuries, to the peaceful coexistence among Christians, Jews and Muslims in 12th-century Andalusia, which lit the spark for the European Renaissance a century later. We will also discuss how human ancestors seem to have maintained an egalitarian society for more than a million years. We will discuss what principles and strategies they used to organize their societies, how these societies came apart, and how their experience may inform our ideas of a just society today.