• Ability to recognise valid arguments involving the expression "therefore (=>)" in logical expressions

    Thank you for taking the time to answer these questions.

  • Evaluating Inferential preferences

    Thank you for taking the time to answer these questions. The following questions are about your ability to recognise valid arguments involving the expression "therefore (=>)" in logical expressions. Thanks!

  • Various IQ tests have shown the connection between recognising valid inferences (arguments) and the level of ones intelligence; our aim here is to observe what people consider as "valid inference"

    A valid argument is said to be impossible for its premise(s) to be true and its conclusion false; a valid argument is free of counterexamples.

    For example two valid inferences (arguments):
    ⁃ Messi is 6 feet tall therefore (=>) Messi is 6 feet tall
    ⁃ Messi is an Argentinian therefore (=>) Messi is an Argentinian

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  • This questionnaire is in 3 stages:

    • Initial stage: 8 questions with pairs of inferences; our aim here is to acquaint you with the kind of arguments we are interested in; you can run through these questions if you like
    • Training stage: 
    • Final stage: same kind of questions as Initial stage; please answer calmly.


  • Initial Stage. We are interested in your your capacity to distinguish between valid and not valid arguments using "therefore" (=>).

    Note: in order to move rapidly through the questions below, you can choose to ignore the symbolic letters.  

  • We are interested in your understanding of how arguments hang together using therefore (=>).

    We will be glad to know how you ordinarily structure your arguments. Note: in order to move rapidly through the questions below, you can choose to ignore the symbolic letters.  

  • IQ1. Which inference looks valid to you?

    Obama tweeted yesterday ⇒ Obama tweeted yesterday

    vs

    Messi travelled to Argentina ⇒ Messi travelled to Argentina 

     

    i.e

    A ⇒ A

    vs

    A ⇒ A

     

  • IQ2. Which inference looks valid to you?

     

    Aristotle is smiling ⇒ Aristotle is smiling

    vs

    Albert Einstein had dinner ⇒ Joe Biden is in France

    i.e

    A ⇒ A  

    vs

    A ⇒ B

     

  • IQ3. Which inference looks valid to you?

     

    The clock is brown or the grass is green => the clock is brown

    vs

    It will rain tomorrow or It will not rain tomorrow => It will rain tomorrow

    i.e

    A ∨ B ⇒ A 

    vs 

    A ∨ ¬A ⇒ A

     

  • IQ4. Which inference looks valid to you?

     

    She is a friend and She is not a friend => 5 + 5 = 11

    vs

    2+2=4 => It is snowing or It is not snowing 

    i.e

    A ⋀ ¬A ⇒ ⏊

    vs

    ⏉ ⇒ A ∨ ¬A 

     

  • IQ5. Which inference looks valid to you?

     

    The correct spelling for “colour” is with a ‘u’ and The correct spelling for “colour” is without a ‘u’ => 5+5=11

    vs

    Galicia is in Spain and Galicia is in Spain => Galicia is in Spain

    i.e

    A ⋀ ¬A ⇒ ⏊

    vs

    A ⋀ A ⇒ A

     

  • IQ6. Which inference looks valid to you?

    2+2=4 => I know your name or I do not know your name

    vs

    The boy is my brother or The boy is my brother => The boy is my brother 

     

    i.e 

    ⏉⇒ A ∨ ¬A

    vs

    A ∨ A ⇒ A

  • IQ7. Which inference looks valid to you?

     

    The chair is green or The chair is not green => The chair is green

    vs

    Aristotle is a philosopher and Aristotle is not a philosopher => 5+5=11

    i.e

    A ∨ ¬A ⇒ A

    vs 

    A ⋀ ¬A ⇒ ⏊

     

  • IQ8. Which inference looks valid to you?

     

    Aristotle is a philosopher or Messi is a footballer => Aristotle is a philosopher

    vs

    2+2=4 => she is a friend or she is not a friend

    i.e

    A ∨ B ⇒ A

    vs

    ⏉ ⇒ A ∨ ¬A 

  • Should be Empty: