When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for people to dissolve the

political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the

powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of

Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that

they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are

endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life,

Rightful Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--Tha to secure these rights,

Governments are instituted among Men assembled being a collective equal population,

deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, -- -That whenever any Form

of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter

or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles

and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their

Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long

established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all

experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are

sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are

accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the

same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right,

it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future

security.--Such has been the patient sufferance of several States joined in The United

States of America; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their

former Systems of Government. The history of the present City-States is a history of

repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an

absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid

City-States has refused their Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for

City-States has forbidden their Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing

importance, unless suspended in their operation till their Assent should be obtained;

and when so suspended, they have utterly neglected to attend to them.

City-States has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of a collective whole

equal population, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in

the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.

City-States has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and

distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing

them into compliance with his measures.

City-States has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly disenfranchising people,

for opposing with manly firmness their invasions on the rights of a people.

City-States has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be

elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the

People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all

the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.

City-States has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose

obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to

encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of

City-States has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws

for establishing Judiciary powers.

City-States has made Judges dependent on their Will alone, for the tenure of their

offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.

City-States have erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers

to harrass our people, and eat out their substance.

City-States have kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the

Consent of our Rightful Legislatures.

City-States have rendered the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.

City-States have combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our

Rightful Constitution(s) and unacknowledged by our laws; giving their Assent to their

Acts of pretended Legislation:

For Quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:

For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punishment for any Murders which they

should commit on the Inhabitants, People, and Persons of these States:

For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:

For trafficking us in person beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences

For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing

therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once

an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these States:

For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering

fundamentally the Forms of our Rightful Governments:

For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to

legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.

City-States have abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of their Protection

City-States have plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and

destroyed the lives of our people.

City-States are at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat

the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty

& perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head

City-States have constrained our fellow Inhabitants, People, and Persons taken Captive

on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of

their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.

City-States has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to

bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless international Mercenaries, whose

known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and

In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most

humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury by

and through character marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the

Nor have We been wanting in attentions to City-States. We have warned them from time

to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us.

We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here.

We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them

by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably

interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of

justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which

denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies

when Wared upon, in Peace Friends.

We, therefore, the People of The United States of America, Assembled, appealing to

the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and

by Authority of the good People of these States, solemnly publish and declare, That

these United States are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that

they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown and City-States, and that all

political connection between them, the State of Great Britain and City-States, is and

ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent Rightful Sovereign

States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish

Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right

do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of

divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our

I, the Signatory and autographer, in the natural Creator's given unalienable image being a man

or woman do enact this Declaration of Independence from any instrument and or consent

delegated or appointed to France and any City-State, USPS-Empire, Democracy, Israeli

Zionists, Vatican, Monarch and/or any variations thereof; as I am not a party to, nor was made

aware of the aforementioned entities having been constructed nor set in place by any body to

rule and/or regulate me or my posterity. I hereby Declare, from this moment forward, that I take

into my hand, my Liberty. I take this Independence to my grave knowing this declaration can not

be eradicated, changed and/or ended, for it is perpetual.

Affiant Declaration of Independence by and through Signature and autograph

Postmaster General Seal Witness Certified

Governor Seal Witness Certified

Witnessed and Affirmed by Magistrate Signature