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Understand single words in context - 'cup', 'milk', 'daddy'

Understand frequently used words such as 'all gone', 'no' and 'bye bye'

Understand simple instructions like 'give to nanny' or 'stop'

Recognise and point to objects if asked about them

Generally focus on an activity of their own choice and find it difficult to be directed by an adult

Listen to other peoples talk with interest, but can easily be directed by other things

Make themselves understood and can become frustrated when they cannot

Start to say how they feeling, using words as well as actions

Start to develop conversation, often jumping from topic to topic

Develop pretend play; 'putting the baby to sleep' or 'driving the car to the shops'

Use the speech sounds p, b, m, w

Listen to simple stories and understand what is happening, with the help of pictures

Feel strong enough to express a range of emotions

Grow in independence, rejecting help ('me do it'), sometimes this leads to feelings of frustration and tantrums

Begin to show 'effortful control'. For example, waiting for a turn and resisting the strong impulse to grab what they want and push their way to the front

Be increasingly able to talk about and manage their emotions

Notice and ask questions about differences, such as skin colour, types of hair, gender, special needs and disabilities, and so on

Develop friendships with other children

Safely explore emotions beyond their normal range through play and stories

Are talking about their feelings in more elaborated ways 'I am sad because...' or 'I love it when....'

Learn to use the toilet with help, and then independently

Gradually gain control of their whole body through continual practice of large movements, such as waving, kicking, rolling, crawling and walking

Clap and stamp to music

Fit themselves into spaces, like tunnels, dens and large boxes and move around in them

Enjoy starting to kick, throw and catch a ball

Build independently with a range of appropriate props to support at first

Walk, run, jump and climb - and start to use the stairs independently

Spin, roll and independently use ropes and swings (for example, tyre swings)

Sit on a push along wheeled toy, use a scooter or ride a tricycle

Use large and small motor skills to do things independently, for example manage buttons and zips, and pour drinks

Show an increasing desire to be independent, such as wanting to feed themselves and dress/undress

Start eating independently and learning how to use a knife and fork

Develop manipulation and control

Explore different materials and tools