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Blog Post 1: 10/18/22

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/the-c3gn-alternative-is-iptacopan-the-next-choice-for-complement-s-alternative-pathway

Answer questions about Treatment of C3GN blog?

YesNo

1. Which of the following is true about alternative complement pathway activation?

C1q must bind to the Fc region of antibodies for activation.Activation is spontaneous and continuous.Lectins bind bacterial carbohydrate motifs to activate the pathway.Activation requires the presence of bacterial antigens.

2. What’s the mechanism of C3 nephrotic factors to trigger C3GN?

Antigens on podocytes that form the basis of immune activation.Autoantibodies that activate WBCs to cause vasculitis.Autoantibodies that stabilize C3 convertaseFactors that destabilize nephrin to cause proteinuria.

3. What’s a difference between the effect of iptacopan and eculizumab on the alternative complement pathway?

Iptacopan prevents formation of the membrane attac complex, but eculizumab does not.Iptacopan prevents formation of C3 nephritic factors, but eculizumab does not.Iptacopan depletes B called, but eculizumab does not.Iptacopan decreases C3a formation, but eculizumab does not.

Blog Post 2: 10/27/22

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/urgent-start-pd-taking-the-road-less-traveled-in-dialysis-initiation

Answer questions about Urgent-Start PD blog?

YesNo

1. Which of the following dialysis access is associated with the greatest risk of mortality among patients?

Arteriovenous fistulaArteriovenous graftCentral venous catheterTenckhoff catheter

2. Which of the following characteristics best describes urgent-start PD?

PD exchanges are started at least 2 weeks after catheter placementIt has low rates of peritonitis and abdominal wall complicationsIts dialysis leakage rates are comparable with conventional-start PDIt can be utilized in patients with acute pulmonary edema and life-threatening hyperkalemia

3. In a Cochrane review comparing urgent start HD and urgent start PD, the latter was shown to have a lower risk of which of the following complications?

BacteremiaCatheter malfunctionExit site infectionPatient survival

Blog Post 3: 11/1/22

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/nephrectomy-when-we-need-to-say-goodbye

Answer questions about Nephrectomy blog?

YesNo

1. Which of the following side effects can limit ACE inhibitor use for medical nephrectomy?

HyperkalemiaHypotensionCoughAll of the above

2. Post-infarction Syndrome is a complication of which nephrectomy method?

Medical Nephrectomy with NSAIDTotal nephrectomy of the Right KidneyRenal Artery EmbolizationNone of the Above

3. Patients with a history of unilateral nephrectomy as a child are at risk for which of the following long-term complications?

HypertensionProteinuriaDecreased GFRAll of the above

4. Which of the following is correct about Graft Nephrectomy(GN) in children?

GN decreases allosensitization.GN is recommended in almost all cases of allograft failure in children.Renal artery embolization can be used as a lone technique for GN.Intracapsular technique for GN carries an increased risk of lymphoceles.

5. Which of the following is an advantage of Graft Nephrectomy(GN)

GN carries a risk of leaving remnant graft tissue.GN has a high risk of vascular complicationsGN causes loss of sponge effect.GN decreases graft intolerance syndrome.

Blog Post 4: 11/30/22

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/is-immunomodulatory-therapy-for-proliferative-gn-with-immunoglobulin-deposition-pgnmid-the-future

Answer questions about Immunomodulatory Therapy for Proliferative GN with Immunoglobulin Deposition (PGNMID) blog?

YesNo

1. PGNMID can be associated with:

MalignancyInfectionsMGRSAll of the above

2. Positive detection rate of M protein in PGNMID is:

100%60-80%< 30%

3. In the study discussed, what factors favoured renal remission:

Presence of hypertensionUse of IMiDsCreatinine>1.2 mg/dlNormal C3 levels

Blog Post 5: 12/7/22

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/hypertension-in-pregnancy

Answer questions about Hypertension in Pregnancy blog?

YesNo

1. Which of the following types of hypertension is common in pregnancy?

PreeclampsiaGestational hypertensionChronic hypertensionWhite coat hypertension

2. Which of the following is correct about hypertension in pregnancy

Preeclampsia is a benign conditionWhite coat hypertension is an important risk factor for preeclampsiaMasked hypertension is seen in nulliparous womenAmbulatory blood pressure monitoring is more reproducible

3. Which of the following drugs should not be used as an anti-hypertensive agent during pregnancy?

MethyldopaPerindoprilLabetalolHydralazine

4. Which of the following are considered as treatment options for pre-eclampsia?

A combination of oral and intravenous agents may be used to lower blood pressureMagnesium sulfate can be used to reduce the risk of eclampsiaInfusion of large volumes of fluid should be avoidedAll of the above

Blog Post 6: 12/7/22

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/kidneys-during-pregnancy-adaptations-challenges

Answer questions about Kidneys during pregnancy blog?

YesNo

1. Which of the following laboratory values during pregnancy would most likely be considered abnormal and warrant further evaluation?

Serum Na of 134Proteinuria of 250 mg/daySerum Creatinine of 0.8 (Baseline of 0.4)Positive Urine Glucose

2. Which of the following mechanisms is NOT thought to contribute to glomerular hyperfiltration during pregnancy?

Decreased bowman’s capsule pressureIncreased hydrostatic pressureDecreased oncotic pressureIncreased membrane permeability

3. The increased RAAS activation in pregnancy is attributed to all of the following except:

Extra-renal release of reninIncreased angiotensinogen production in the liverPlacental RAAS activityFetal renin production

Blog Post 7: 12/7/22

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/my-patient-with-lupus-wants-to-get-pregnant-what-should-the-nephrologist-know

Answer questions about Lupus in Pregnancy blog?

YesNo

1. Choose the correct statement from below:

Women with lupus should be counseled to avoid getting pregnantWomen with lupus can be advised to get pregnant during a flareWomen with lupus should be counseled appropriately so that they can become pregnant and achieve a successful outcome in conjunction with their healthcare teamWomen with lupus nephritis are inevitably going to have poorer maternal and fetal outcomes

2. Which drug is unsafe to use as immunosuppressive therapy in a pregnant woman with lupus nephritis?

TacrolimusHydroxychloroquinMethotrexateAzathioprine

3. Which drug should be recommended to all women with lupus nephritis within the first trimester?

EnoxaparinAspirinEnalaprilPrednisolone

Blog Post 8: 12/7/22

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/preeclampsia-the-story-of-the-underestimated-glomerular-injury

Answer questions about Preeclampsia blog?

YesNo

1. About preeclampsia diagnosis next statements are true, except:

Preeclampsia is defined as new-onset hypertension, new-onset hypertension, and new-onset end-organ damageThe diagnostic can not necessarily include proteinuriaPreeclampsia is defined as new-onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestationIn women with CKD, preeclampsia diagnosis is difficult because of coexisting proteinuria or hypertension

2. Pathognomonic preeclampsia lesion is

Proximal tubule injuryGlomerular endotheliosisGlomerulosclerosisMesangial proliferation

3. Regarding prophylaxis and treatment of preeclampsia, the following is incorrect:

Low-dose aspirin might prevent or delay the development of preeclampsiaCalcium supplementation reduces the incidence of preeclampsiaHypertension raises the risk of preeclampsia, and its treatment should be started at a value >140/90 mmHgDelivery is an alternative treatment

Blog Post 9: 12/7/22

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/thrombotic-microangiopathy-in-pregnancy-it-s-more-than-just-a-classic-triad

Answer questions about Thrombotic microangiopathy in pregnancy blog?

YesNo

1. A 34 year old woman is 3 days post-delivery and is diagnosed with severe complement-mediated HUS. What is the best treatment option for her?

Prompt delivery of the fetusSupportive carePlasma exchange as eculizumab is contraindicated in pregnancyEculizumab

2. Delivery of the fetus is the treatment for which of the following diagnoses?

3. What is the specific molecular activity derangement noted in TTP and what is the cutoff for diagnosis?

Von willebrand factor excess of > 10%Von willebrand factor deficiency of < 10%ADAMTS-13 excess of > 10%ADAMTS-13 deficiency of < 10%

Blog Post 10: 12/7/22

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/primary-glomerulonephritis-and-
pregnancy

Answer questions about Primary Glomerulonephritis and Pregnancy blog?

YesNo

1. Which of the following drugs are metabolized completely by placental enzymes?

BetamethasoneDexamethasonePrednisoloneCalcineurin inhibitors

2. Which of the following statement is true about pregnancy in glomerulonephritis?

Complications of renal biopsy are seen in about 10% of the pregnant population.Anti GBM antibodies and Anti MPO/PR3 antibodies can cross the placenta.Proteinuria, hypertension and renal function does not affect fetal outcome.sFlt1/PlGF ratio < 38 indicates presence of superimposed preeclampsia.

3. Which of the following immunosuppression is safe during pregnancy?

ChlorambucilMycophenolic acidCyclosporineCyclophosphamide

Blog Post 11: 12/7/22

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/dialysis-dependency-and-pregnancy-
can-they-co-exist

Answer questions about Dialysis dependency and pregnancy blog?

YesNo

1. Which of the following is true about peritoneal dialysis in pregnancy?

PD is contraindicated in pregnancyTidal PD worsens abdominal discomfortReduced dwell volume and multiple exchanges are recommended during pregnancyPD increases the risk of polyhydramnios

2. Correct statement regarding hemodialysis in pregnancy is:

Low flux dialysis with prolonged dialysis duration offers better hemodynamic stabilityHigh bicarbonate dialysate is recommended to avoid metabolic acidosisCalcium dialysate of 3.5mmol/L is recommendedIsolated ultrafiltration is contraindicated during pregnancy

3. Fetal outcomes of patients receiving kidney replacement therapy include all of the following except:

Successful delivery is achieved in less than 25%The majority are preterm born ( < 37 weeks)Low birth weight is commonThere is a high requirement for neonatal ICU admission

Blog Post 12: 12/7/22

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/transplant-and-pregnancy

Answer questions about Transplant and pregnancy blog?

YesNo

1. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) advises delaying pregnancy after kidney transplantation for:

6 months12 months18 months24 months

2. All of the following are considered predictors for a good pregnancy outcome except:

Younger maternal ageStable graft function with no recent episodes of graft rejectionProteinuria of < 1 g/daySerum creatinine level of < 1.5 mg/dl

3. Which of the following medications is considered safe during pregnancy?

TacrolimusMycophenolateRapamycin inhibitorBelatacept

Blog Post 13: 12/7/22

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/how-do-i-prescribe-contraception-in-patients-with-kidney-disease-or-status-post-kidney-transplant

Answer questions about contraception in kidney disease and transplant blog?

YesNo

1. Very effective contraception methods with a failure rate of (0%–0.9%) include all of the following except:

Intrauterine devicesSubdermal implantPermanent sterilizationCombined hormonal contraceptives

2. Which of the following statements is true:

Pregnancy is possible across all CKD stagesKidney transplant recipients are advised to use one reliable contraception methodThe use of an estrogen-containing contraception pill is appropriate in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and hypertensionLevonorgestrel IUD is an unsafe contraception method for kidney transplant recipients

3. Which of the following statements is true:

Most pregnancies are unplanned post-transplantationIt is preferred that patients on mycophenolate use two reliable contraception methodsCombined hormonal contraception is not recommended in patients with complicated graft functionAll of the above

Blog Post 14: 1/6/23

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/intradialytic-symptoms-worse-after-longer-interdialytic-intervals

Answer questions about Intradialytic Symptoms blog?

YesNo

1. When intradialytic symptoms are present in patients undergoing thrice weekly hemodialysis, which symptom is reported most commonly?

DiarrheaFatigueEdemaDyspnea

2. After adjustment for confounding variables, which hemodialysis-related symptom was significantly more frequently reported after the long interdialytic interval?

CrampingCoughChest painDifficulty concentrating

3. In future research studies evaluating hemodialysis-related symptoms or potential treatments for intradialytic symptoms design it may be important to include the length of the interdialytic interval as a confounding variable.

TrueFalse

Blog Post 15: 1/9/23

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/big-mac-attack-outcomes-in-membranous-nephropathy-with-membrane-attack-complex-found-on-biopsy

Answer questions about 'Outcomes in membranous nephropathy & membrane attack complex on biopsy' blog?

YesNo

1. The nephrotic syndrome, which is often encountered in patients with membranous nephropathy, includes which of the following:

Increased risk of bleedingNormal serum albuminHyperlipidemiaHematuria

2. Secondary causes of membranous nephropathy include all of the following EXCEPT:

Systemic Lupus ErythematosusAmlodipineHuman Immunodeficiency virusColon cancer

3. Which of the antibodies associated with membranous nephropathy is most likely associated with a malignancy:

PLA2RTHSD7AEXT1/EXT2PCDH7

4. The presence of C5b-9 (membrane attack complex) staining on kidney biopsy for patients with membranous nephropathy was associated with which of the following:

Fewer patients able to reach remission, as defined by proteinuria at 12 monthsLonger treatment time to achieve remission of proteinuria versus C5b-9 negative patientsHigher probability of advancing to severe kidney disease with a GFR < 30 ml/min/1.73 m2D. All of the above

Blog Post 16: 1/11/23

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/sickle-cell-and-kidneys-guilty-of-not-going-with-the-flow

Answer questions about 'Sickle Cell and Kidneys' blog?

YesNo

1. All the following are common manifestations of SCD kidney seen in childhood except:

2. As persistent albuminuria is harbinger of progressive kidney disease which medications in humans and mice have demonstrated to improve/prevent albuminuria?

HydroxyureaLisinopril/losartanEndothelin receptor antagonistsAll the above

3. A rare complication seen in patients with SCD that is fatal and should be part of the differential in patients present with flank pain and hematuria is

Renal Papillary necrosisNephrolithiasisRenal medullary carcinomaCystitis

4. All the following are manifestations of SCD Kidney Disease except:

HematuriaProteinuriaHyperfiltrationCystic kidney disease

Blog Post 17: 3/2/23

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/ketogenic-diet-and-kidneys-the-k2-dynamic

Answer questions about 'Ketogenic diet and Kidneys' blog?

YesNo

1. The most common renal complication in patient on ketogenic diet is:

HypertensionAcute kidney injuryNephrolithiasisMetabolic alkalosis

2. The goal of therapy in preventing kidney stones in patients on ketogenic diet includes all of the following except:

HydrationBicarbonate bufferAvoiding excess protein intakeLoop diuretics

3. Potassium citrate decreases the risk of kidney stones by all the following mechanisms except:

Alkalinization of urineIncreasing calcium solubilityIncreased availability of free calciumIncreased uric acid solubility

4. Most common type of kidney stones in patients on ketogenic diet are:

Calcium oxalate stonesUric acid stonesAmmonium phosphate stonesCystine stones

Blog Post 18: 3/3/23

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/what-s-circulating-in-fsgs-news

Answer questions about 'Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)' blog?

YesNo

1. Which of the following statements is not true about primary focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)?

Primary FSGS most often presents with acute onset severe nephrotic syndromePrimary FSGS is one of the most common glomerulonephritides that recurs after kidney transplantationChanges in the APOL-1 genotype may be associated with primary FSGSA circulating permeability factor is the presumed cause of primary FSGS

2. Which of the following statements is true about the soluble form of the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR)?

suPAR has a proven role in the pathogenesis of primary FSGSThe presence of suPAR is an independent predictor of primary FSGSElevated suPAR levels can be seen in other forms of nephrotic syndromeAnimal studies did not suggest a role for suPAR in the pathogenesis of primary FSGS

3. Which of the following statements best reflects the findings from the study conducted by Veissi et al, where podocytes were exposed to plasma from patients with active primary FSGS?

There was damage to the actin cytoskeletonCell death was specific to podocytesOxidative stress was a contributor to podocyte cell deathAll of the above

Blog Post 19: 3/22/23

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/cardioprotective-drug-use-in-patients-with-aki-analysis-of-the-deficits-and-opportunities-to-treat

Answer questions about 'Cardioprotective drug use in patients with AKI' blog?

YesNo

1. The mortality associated with AKI is how many folds greater than that of an acute myocardial infarction (MI)?

One fold or equalTwo foldThree foldFour fold

2. Which of the following are associated with mortality following AKI?

Duration of AKISeverity of AKIRequirement of dialysisAll of the above

3. Which factors were noted to be associated with AKI in the current study by Munoz et al?

ACEi and ARB use at baselineHigher ProteinuriaLower baseline eGFRAll of the above

4. Statin use in AKI survivors …

Improves mortalityIncreases AKI riskDoes not have effect on mortalityCauses hepatitis

Blog Post 20: 5/4/23

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/bk-polyomavirus-nephropathy-the-never-ending-quest

Answer questions about 'BK Polyomavirus Nephropathy' blog?

YesNo

1. Which of the following parameters is not included in the Banff Working Group Classification of Polyomavirus Nephropathy, 2018?

Intranuclear viral inclusion bodies (type 1 or 2) in tubulesPositive IHC reaction for SV40-T antigen in tubulesInterstitial inflammation score (ti)Interstitial fibrosis score (ci)

2. What percentage of kidney transplant recipients develop BKPyV viruria/viremia?

5-15%10-35%25-40%> 50%

3. What percentage of kidney transplant recipients with BKPyVAN develop allograft rejection?

< 5%15-25%25-50%> 50%

4. Which of the following therapies have an application in management of BKPyV?

IVIgAdoptive T-cell therapyMulti-epitope BKPyV vaccineAll of the above

Blog Post 21: 5/8/23

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/vancomycin-associated-nephrotoxicity

Answer questions about 'Evolution of Vancomycin-Associated Nephrotoxicity' blog?

YesNo

1. Potential side effects of intravenous vancomycin include all of the following EXCEPT:

Allergic reactions (red-man syndrome)Bone marrow suppressionVestibular and renal toxicityPancreatic failure

2. Vancomycin associated nephrotoxicity (VAN) is most closely correlated with which of the following outcomes?

Shortened hospitalizationIncreased risk of CKDDecreased hospital readmission ratesDecreased patient mortality

3. Which of the following are risk factors for patients developing vancomycin associated nephropathy (VAN)?

Duration of therapy > 7 daysThrough dosing versus area under the curve (AUC) dosingPre-existing CKDAll of the above

4. In the combination therapy of vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam, “pseudo-toxicity” is best explained by:

The decreased secretion of creatinine by decreases in the number of transporters as well as competitive inhibition of transportersBoth vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam are nephrotoxic, but their toxicities are not cumulativeNeither vancomycin or piperacillin-tazobactam are nephrotoxic, and thus have no effect on kidney functionVancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam have a diuretic effect and cause a rise in creatinine by prerenal azotemia without kidney damage

5. Which of the following is an acceptable strategy for preventing vancomycin associated nephropathy (VAN)?

Only checking serum creatinine on admissionChecking vancomycin trough levels every 4 weeksConsider use of alternative antibiotics in patients with CKDAdding gentamicin for its synergistic antimicrobial effects

Blog Post 22: 6/1/23

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/antiphospholipid-syndrome-exploring-patterns-of-renal-injury

Answer questions about 'Redefining APSN: Identifying Patterns of Renal Injuries with aPL' blog?

YesNo

1. Which of the following criteria meet diagnostic criteria for antiphospholipid syndrome?

Death of a morphologically normal fetus at 12 weeks gestation with anticardiolipin positivity (20 GPL units) demonstrated on 2 occasions 14 weeks apart2 unexplained consecutive spontaneous abortions at 6 and 8 weeks gestation with lupus anticoagulant positivity on 2 occasions 12 weeks apartPremature birth at 32 weeks due to eclampsia with lupus anticoagulant positivity demonstrated on 2 occasions 13 weeks apartDeath of a morphologically normal fetus at 12 weeks gestation with high 𝛃2-GP1 antibody titres demonstrated on 2 occasions 10 weeks apart

2. Which pattern of renal injury was associated with the poorest renal prognosis?

Subendothelial edemaMesangiolysisThrombotic microangiopathyHyperplastic vasculopathy

3. Which of the following is thought to be implicated in the pathogenesis of thrombotic microangiopathy lesions?

Alternate complement pathwaymTOR pathway𝛃2-GP1 receptorsEndothelium derived nitric oxide

4. Which pattern of renal injury was associated with a greater prevalence of cerebrovascular events?

Subendothelial edemaMesangiolysisThrombotic microangiopathyHyperplastic vasculopathy

Blog Post 23: 6/19/23

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/cardiorenal-syndrome-in-children-it-s-not-you-it-s-me

Answer questions about 'Cardiorenal Syndrome in Children' blog?

YesNo

1. Which of the following is true about cardiorenal syndrome (CRS)?

Only chronic kidney disease leads to CRSReduction in GFR in CRS results from decreased renal perfusion onlyCRS results from complex hemodynamic, hypoxic, hormonal, metabolic, and inflammatory interactionsAcute cardiac failure is the most common cause of CRS in children

2. Which of the conditions in pediatric patients should be monitored for the development of cardiorenal syndrome?

Dilated cardiomyopathyChronic Kidney DiseaseCyanotic Congenital Heart DiseaseAll the above

3. The type of cardiorenal syndrome determines the type of treatment.

YesNo

4. The following is the management of diuretic resistance.

Sequential blockade.Hyperdiuresis and chloride repletion.Vasopressin antagonists.All the above

Blog Post 24: 8/7/23

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/a-bold-approach-to-estimating-kidney-oxygenation-in-ckd

Answer questions about 'A BOLD Approach to Estimating Kidney Oxygenation in CKD' blog?

YesNo

1. Which one of the following is a historical hallmark of chronic kidney disease?

Endocapillary hypercellularityMesangial IgA depositionHyperplasia of the juxtaglomerular apparatusFibrosis

2. Traditionally, what has been a clue for the presence of hypoxemia in human CKD?

Loss of tubule cell polarityReduced eGFRIncreased expression of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF)Thin basement membrane

3. What does R2* primarily depend on?

T1 relaxationT2 relaxationRandom orientation of protonsGadolinium contrast

4. What features of CKD led to an overestimation of kidney oxygenation in past BOLD MRI experiments?

GlomerulosclerosisPericapillary rarefactionPodocyte foot process effacementThrombocytopenia

5. Based on this paper, are the cortex and medulla more or less hypoxemic in CKD than healthy controls?

Less hypoxemicMore hypoxemicUnchangedUnclear

Blog Post 25: 8/10/23

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/oral-complications-of-chronic-kidney-disease-key-concepts-bite-by-bite

Answer questions about 'Oral Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease - Key Concepts Bite by Bite' blog?

YesNo

1. CKD is not associated with:

Enamel defectsGingivitisKetotic breathCandida infections

2. Which of the following are risk factor for poor dental health in CKD patients?

CKD-MBDUremiaGrowth hormone resistanceAll of the above

3. Which of the following sentences is true:

Uremic state decreases caries incidence in CKD patients and the risk lowers after a kidney transplant.Anti-hypertensive medications, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are associated with gingival overgrowth.Kidney transplant patients have a lower risk of oral cancers than the general population.When compared with healthy individuals, CKD patients have lower concentration of cariogenic bacteria.

Blog Post 26: 10/18/23

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/belibumab-s-arsenal-shielding-against-de-novo-lupus-nephritis-flares

Answer questions about 'Belimumab’s Arsenal: Shielding Against de novo Lupus Nephritis Flares' blog?

YesNo

1. According to British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG), score E indicates which of the following:

active disease requiring intensification of the therapystable and mild diseaseno current but history of involvement in the respective organ systemno history of or current involvement in the respective organ system

2. Which of the following interleukins has been hypothesized in the development of de novo renal flares in patients treated with Belimumab?

Interleukin- 1Interleukin- 6Interleukin- 10Interleukin- 12

Blog Post 27:

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/weighing-in-on-obesity-treatments-and-kidney-disease

Answer questions about 'Weighing in on Obesity Treatments and Kidney Disease' blog?

YesNo

1. In patients who undergo kidney transplantation, obesity is associated with all of the following EXCEPT:

High risk for new onset diabetes after transplant (NODAT)Higher rates of delayed graft functionHigher surgical complicationsHigh risk of acute kidney rejection

2. Obesity has been associated with which of the following glomerular lesions:

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)Membranous nephropathyIgA nephropathyMinimal change disease

3. When advising a patient with CKD about dietary strategies for weight loss, it is important to stress:

A plant dominant, high fiber, low protein dietAvoid excessive salt and be cautious with salt substitutesLimit calorie intake and restrict fluids if volume overload is presentAll of the above

4. Physical activity (like stationary bike peddling) during dialysis has been shown to:

Increase weight lossImprove insomnia and sleep latency timesImprove intradialytic hypotensionIncrease risk of clotting the dialysis circuit

5. Which combinations of the following medications for patients with CKD and obesity DOES NOT currently have restrictions based upon eGFR:

Incretins and OrlistatSGLT2i and IncretinsBiguanides and OrlistatBupropion/Naltrexone and SGLT2i

Blog Post 28:

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/renal-tubular-acidosis-in-children-don-t-trip-on-the-acid-or-drop-the-base

Answer questions about 'Renal Tubular Acidosis in Children' blog?

YesNo

1. Which of the following is correct about urine acidification?

Distal convoluted tubule mediates ammoniagenesisType A intercalated cells of distal convoluted tubule are responsible for final acidification of urine.Chronic metabolic acidosis leads to decreased ammonium excretionTitratable acid excretion is directly proportional to ammoniagenesis in chronic acidosis.

2. Which of the following drug causes distal RTA?

NSAIDSARBSAmphotericinTacrolimus

3. Which of the following best describes urine anion gap(UAG)?

Normal Urine anion gap is negativeUAG is negligible in RTAEstimate of ammonium excretionNon renal acidosis leads to decreased ammonium excretion

4. Which of the following describes type 4 RTA.

Hyperkalemic hypochloremic metabolic acidosisVoltage dependent RTA results in decreased delivery of sodiumHyperaldosteronismDue to defect in reabsorption of bicarbonate

Blog Post 29:

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/midnight-matters-effect-of-nocturnal-blood-pressure-blunted-nocturnal-dipping-on-urinary-sodium

Answer questions about 'Midnight Matters: Effect of Nocturnal Blood Pressure & Blunted Nocturnal Dipping on Urinary Sodium & Potassium Excretion' blog?

YesNo

1. Which is true about a non-dipping blood pressure pattern in the general population?

It is associated with better cardiovascular outcomesIt is not associated with sodium homeostasisIt is associated with relatively higher nighttime sodium excretion than daytimeIt is associated with less end-organ damage than a dipping pattern

2. What blood pressure pattern is usually seen in CKD patients?

Most CKD patients exhibit a normal dipping patternThe majority of CKd patients display a non-dipping statusCKD patients predominantly show a reverse dipping patternThere is no general trend in nocturnal dipping among CKD patients

3. How does the day-to-night sodium and potassium excretion relate to blood pressure patterns in CKD patients?

A higher ratio correlates with better nocturnal blood pressure controlA lower ratio is associated with more effective blood pressure managementThe ratio has no significant impact on blood pressure patternsOnly potassium excretion ratios are relevant to blood pressure patterns

4. What role does renal sodium handling play in nocturnal hypertension according to the study?

It has a negligible impactIt’s the primary cause of nocturnal hypertensionIt contributes to the non-dipping pattern observed in many CKD patientsIt’s less important than potassium handling

5. How much higher was nocturnal SBP in quartile 1 as compared to quartile 4?

2 mmHg9-12 mmHg20-25 mmHgNo difference

6. Why is this study important?

It’s the first study describing relationship of sodium and BP in humansIt showed no relationship of sodium and potassium excretion with BPIt was the first study to examine the relationship of sodium and potassium excretion in CKD patients utilizing the gold standard of ABPMIt examined optimal target BP for CKD patients in relationship to CV risk

Blog Post 30:

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/monoclonal-gammopathy-of-renal-significance-unmasked-mgrs-a-pointed-review

Answer questions about 'Monoclonal Gammopathy of Renal Significance Unmasked: A Pointed Review' blog?

YesNo

1. In which disease is Congo red positive?

AmyloidMinimal ChangeImmunotactoidMembranous Nephropathy

2. Which disease process has “powdery” deposits on EM?

MIDDPGNMIDAmyloidosis

3. What size fibrils are seen in Immunotactoid glomerulonephritis?

10 nm15 nm7 nm45 nm

Blog Post 31:

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/anemia-mysteries-in-diabetic-kidneys-the-role-of-sglt2-inhibitors-on-anti-epor-antibodies

Answer questions about 'Anemia Mysteries in Diabetic Kidneys - The Role of SGLT2I on Anti-EPOR Antibodies' blog?

YesNo

1. In the discussed, Post Hoc Analysis of the CREDENCE Trial Anti-EPOR antibodies were associated with?

a. An increased risk of the primary composite outcomeb. Higher mortality in patients with T2D and CKDc. Both a and b

2. In the trial, the beneficial effect of canagliflozin on anemia were seen with:

a. Patients with anti-EPOR antibodies.b. Patients without anti-EPOR antibodies.c. Consistent across patients with and without anti-EPOR antibodies

3. On which cells is EPOR expression present?

a. Cardiomyocytesb. Glomerular and tubular epithelial cellsc. Neural cells and the braind. ALL of the above

Blog Post 32:

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/common-kindling-inflammatory-bowel-disease-associated-with-kidney-disease

Answer questions about 'Common Kindling: Inflammatory Bowel Disease Associated with Kidney Disease' blog?

YesNo

1. The most common glomerular disease associated with IBD is:

a. Acute and Chronic Interstitial Nephritisb. IgA Nephropathyc. Amyloidosisd. Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis

2. Extra-intestinally organ manifestations of IBD include:

3. Risk factor for progressive CKD/ESKD in patients with IBD include:

a. Polycythemiab. Younger agec. Non-nephrotic proteinuriad. Low baseline eGFR

4. Tubulointerstitial nephritis has been associated with which of the following treatments of IBD:

a. Mycophenolate mofetilb. Cyclophosphamidec. Rituximabd. 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA)

Blog Post 33:

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/silent-saboteurs-detecting-monoclonal-immunoglobulins-and-determining-clinical-outcomes-in-monoclon

Answer questions about 'Silent Saboteurs: Detecting Monoclonal Immunoglobulins and Determining Clinical Outcomes in Monoclonal Gammopathy of Renal Significance (MGRS) with Undetectable Clones' blog?

YesNo

1. Which of the following is a limitation of SPEP:

a. M spike is not formed in heavy chain myelomasb. IgD myelomas are too small to detectc. IgA myeloma associated M spikes are hidden behind alpha 2 peaks.d. SPEP is highly sensitive in MGRS

2. Which of the following MGRS prototype is known to escape clone detection:

a. PGNMIDb. Amyloidosisc. Fibrillary glomerulonephritisd. MIDD

3. Plasma cell clones are often associated with

a. Fibrillary GNb. Light chain myelomac. Cryoglobulinemic GNd. Immunotactoid GN

4. Lymphoplasmacytic clones are associated with which of the following mutation:

a. JARID2b. MYD88c. SETPB1d. p53

5. Which of the following is true about MGRS prototypes

a. Kappa light chains restriction is seen in PGNMIDb. Lambda light chain restriction is seen in MIDDc. IgG3 is seen in PGNMIDd. Type 3 cryoglobulins are frequently monoclonal

Blog Post 34:

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/kidney-dysfunction-a-hidden-torment-of-muscular-dystrophy

Answer questions about 'Kidney Dysfunction: A Hidden Torment of Muscular Dystrophy' blog?

YesNo

1. Which is the following does not include in the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DCG)?

DystroglycanSarcoglycansSarcospanSarcolemma

2. Which is the false statement?

Dystrophin links intracellular cytoskeleton to transmembrane components of dystrophin-glycoprotein complex.The sarcoglycans forms sarcoglycans- sarcospan complex with α and β dystroglycan.Sarcoglycan-sarcospan complex is involved in signal transduction besides its structural role.The most common types of muscular dystrophy is Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) which primarily affects male.

3. The most common urinary symptoms associated with DMD is?

Urinary urgencyHolding maneuversDaytime urinary incontinence and enuresisUrgency incontinence

4. Which are true statement(s)?

About 50% of the children with DMD develops lower urinary symptoms.Partial lipodystrophy associated with glomerulonephritis is thought to be associated with LMNA mutation and is an autosomal recessive disorder.Becker muscular dystrophy associated with abnormal dystrophin molecule have a slower progression of disease.The infantile form of facioscapulohummeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is associated with sensory neural hearing loss and caused by genetic abnormalities on chromosome 4q35.

Blog Post 35:

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/green-dialysis-the-environmental-conundrum-in-nephrology

Answer questions about 'Green Dialysis: The environmental conundrum in nephrology!' blog?

YesNo

1. Who introduced the term ‘Green nephrology’ to the world?

A. G.B. PiccoliB. Nicholas A HoenichC. John AgarD. Alejandra Molano-Triviño

2. What is not included in the 4R approach?

A. ReduceB. RecycleC. RecirculateD. Repair

3. How many liters of RO (reverse osmosis) water is needed per hemodialysis session?

A. 50-100 litersB. 120-200 litersC. 200-250 litersD. More than 300 liters

4. The following are the strategies included in the GREEN-K initiative by International Society of Nephrology except?

A. Declare ESKC as a dedicated fieldB. Promote early diagnosis, prevention and transplantationC. Transition to low carbon and zero waste dialysis therapiesD. Use of alternative sources of energy

5. The following methods can be adopted in waste management in dialysis except?

A. Water ultimately rejected by reverse osmosis must be reused for different purposesB. Triage of contaminated and non-contaminated waste should be doneC. Recyclable waste (paper, plastic) should be transferred to appropriate settingsD. Non recyclable, potentially contaminated waste can undergo incineration

Blog Post 36:

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/anti-nephrin-autoantibodies-and-their-role-in-podocytopathies

Answer questions about 'Anti-Nephrin Autoantibodies and their role in Podocytopathies' blog?

YesNo

1. The group of glomerular diseases described as podocytopathies include:

Membranous Nephropathy and ANCA related GMN.Membranous Nephropathy and IgA NephropathyMinimal Change Disease and Focal Segmental GlomerulosclerosisMembranous Nephropathy and Minimal Change Disease

2. This factors have been determined to be involved as mechanisms of injury in podocytopathies:

Environmental triggers such as infections and immune dysregulationGenetic predispositionExposure to toxic substances and obesityAll of the above

3. The role of nephrin in the podocyte is:

As a protein that gives support in the glomerular basement membrane and prevent albumin filtrationForms a barrier that prevents the leakage of large proteins like albumin into the urineLocated between the endothelial fenestrae helps in the catabolism of albuminNone of the above

4. The staining of which immunoglobulin suggested the role of soluble factors in podocytopathies like MCD:

IgAIgMIgGC3

Blog Post 37:

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/avacopan-in-anca-associated-vasculitis-does-real-world-evidence-live-up-to-the-clinical-trial-buzz

Answer questions about 'Avacopan in ANCA associated Vasculitis (AAV): Does Real-World Evidence Live Up to the Clinical Trial Buzz?' blog?

YesNo

1. ANCA associated vasculitides include all of the following except:

Granulomatosis with polyangiitisEosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitisPolyarteritis nodosaMicroscopic polyangiitis

2. Side effects with steroids include all of the following except?

Weight gainAvascular necrosisInsomniaLow serum glucose levels

3. Which complement protein is blocked by Avacopan?

C3C5arFactor BFactor D

4. All of the following are true regarding Avacopan except?

Predominant renal excretionIt is a cyclopeptideDose of avacopan is 30 mg orally twice dailyM1 metabolite has similar efficacy as parent drug

5. The Phase 3 trial of Avacopan that showed non inferiority to steroids at 26 weeks was?

ADVISORY trialADVOCATE trialCLEAR trialADOPT trial

Blog Post 38:

https://www.kireportscommunity.org/post/lithium-s-impact-on-the-kidneys-navigating-the-nephrotoxic-terrain

Answer questions about 'Lithium’s Impact on the Kidneys: Navigating the Nephrotoxic Terrain' blog?

YesNo

1. What is the first step in management, if possible, for a patient with known lithium use who presents with complaints of dry mouth, dizziness and polyuria?

AmilorideHydrochlorothiazideLithium cessationNSAIDs

2. How often should lithium levels be measured?

Once a yearEvery 3-6 monthsTwice a yearNever

3. What is the risk of ESRD with long term lithium use?

Approximately eightfold increased riskNo associated riskThreefold increased riskDecreased risk

Date

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