Intravenous line ("drip") |
Pain, swelling, bleeding, inflammation, infection, repeated insertions |
central line for specialised therapy & monitoring |
Pain, swelling, bleeding, inflammation, infection, repeated insertions,puncture of lung,artery or nerve |
arterial line for specialised monitoring |
Pain, swelling, bleeding, inflammation, infection, repeated insertions,nerve damage, loss of blood flow to the hand leading to death of fingers |
airway management |
Damage to lips, teeth, tongue, palate, throat, vocal cords, hoarseness, inhalation of stomach contents (aspiration), pneumonia, obstruction of breathing, failure to manage the airway which may require an emergency operative procedure. |
nerve blocks, spinal or epidural injection |
Nerve damage, paralysis, backache, headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, shortness of breath, pain, bleeding, inadequate pain control. |