The Antarctica continent's location at the bottom of the world gives it a unique strategic importance, particularly in terms of climate regulation. Its vastness, with unique environmental conditions and significant untapped resources, make this area crucial for scientific exploration, particularly in climate change studies.
Representatives of twelve nations whose scientists had been active in and around Antarctica during the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957-58, signed the Antarctic Treaty agreement in Washington on December 1, 1959, to ensure the peaceful use of the Antarctic continent, the freedom of scientific investigation and cooperation, and exchange of the results. It entered into force in 1961 and has since been acceded to by many other nations (Parties). To promote the objectives and ensure compliance with the provisions of the Treaty, all areas of Antarctica and activities conducted there shall remain open to inspection at all times.
The Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) is a comprehensive set of international agreements and procedures that govern all activities and relations among States in the Antarctic Region. It encompasses the Antarctic Treaty (AT) itself and related agreements, like the Protocol on Environmental Protection (Madrid Protocol). The AT designates Antarctica as a natural reserve devoted to peace and science, while the Madrid Protocol outlines specific measures to safeguard the environment and its ecosystems.
Portugal commitment to Antarctic research aligns with the treaty's objectives and contributes to the broader understanding of Antarctica. In January 2010 Portugal became a member (Non Consultive) of the Antarctic Treaty, oblying the country to comply with the set of commitments that ensure all Portuguese Antarctic activities comply with current regulations.
The Polar Program of the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), in close collaboration with its Scientific Advisors and with the Coordination Committee of the Portuguese Polar Program (PROPOLAR), is responsable for nationally monitoring the research in the polar regions, promoting the development of polar scientific activities, as well as framing the country's participation in treaties, protocols and other instruments of international cooperation.
All researchers or collaborators participating in national missions to Antarctica are required to declare being aware and to respect internationally established standards and commitments, as well as that agree to comply with all necessary procedures to access Antarctic areas.