Phonemic Awareness: Phonemic awareness is the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words. It focuses only on sounds, without involving letters or written text.
Decoding: Decoding is the process of sounding out and recognizing written words by applying knowledge of letter-sound relationships. It helps readers turn written text into spoken language.
Vocabulary: Vocabulary refers to the set of words a person knows and understands. A strong vocabulary supports both effective communication and better reading comprehension.
Fluency: Fluency is the ability to read a text accurately, quickly, and with proper expression. Fluent readers recognize words automatically and read smoothly without having to pause to decode every word.
Comprehension: Comprehension is the ability to understand and make meaning from what is read. It involves connecting ideas, interpreting information, and drawing conclusions from the text.