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HIV is a:
Fungus
Spirochaete
Bacterium
Virus
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How does HIV cause disease?
It destroys red cells.
It damages the immune system.
It damages the liver.
It lowers the level of antibodies.
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How is HIV usually transmitted from person to person?
By sexual intercourse
By droplet spread (coughing and sneezing)
By insect bites
By donating blood
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People with HIV infection:
Are always clinically ill
Can appear healthy
Are only infectious if they have clinical signs
Are usually male in Africa
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How common is HIV infection in pregnant women in South Africa?
Rare (about 5%)
Uncommon (about 15%)
Common (about 30%)
Very common (about 60%)
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When is HIV usually spread from mother to child?
During pregnancy
During labour and vaginal delivery
During exclusive breastfeeding
While holding, kissing and cuddling the infant
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Which test is usually used to screen adults for HIV infection?
VDRL test
PCR test
p24 antigen test
Rapid test
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Screening tests for HIV infection usually become positive when the person has been infected for:
Six days
Six weeks
Six months
Six years
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During the progression of untreated HIV infection the CD4 count:
Rises
Falls
Stays the same
Is not important
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In the period soon after a person is infected with HIV the viral load:
Rises rapidly
Increases only slightly
Remains undetectable
Drops
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Acute seroconversion illness usually presents with:
A glandular fever-type illness
Jaundice
Genital ulcers
Vaginal or urethral discharge
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How long is the latent phase of HIV infection in adults?
Six weeks
Commonly three to six months
About one year
Usually five to 10 years
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Which clinical sign is common in stage 1 HIV infection?
Night sweats
Fever
Persistent generalised lymphadenopathy
Weight loss
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Which clinical condition is common in stage 2 HIV infection?
Skin rash
Severe diarrhoea
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis
Oral candidiasis (thrush)
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Which clinical condition is common in stage 3 HIV infection?
Severe bacterial pneumonia
Pneumocyctis pneumonia
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Oesophageal candidiasis
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Adult patients are said to have AIDS when their HIV infection reaches:
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
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What is a common feature of terminal HIV infection?
A CD4 count above 500 cells/µl
Mild weight loss
Dementia
Deafness
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Which of the following is an AIDS-defining illness?
Cryptococcal meningitis
Bacterial meningitis
Pulmonary tuberculosis
Shingles (varicella zoster)
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Which malignancy is common in patients with advanced HIV infection?
Leukaemia
Lung cancer
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Breast cancer
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Kaposi’s sarcoma usually presents with:
Blood in the stool
Multiple pink, purple or dark brown, black patches in the skin
A severe cough and shortness of breath
Headaches
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