| Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) |
Increases NAD+ levels, enhancing mitochondrial ATP production. [1] |
Efficient energy production prevents fatigue and supports physical and mental performance, especially as mitochondrial function declines with age. [1] |
| N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) |
Supports fatigue reduction by providing antioxidant protection. [2] |
Oxidative stress can impair mitochondrial function; reducing it supports sustained energy levels, crucial for combating fatigue, especially in active individuals. [2] |
| Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) |
Essential for mitochondrial energy production, supporting ATP synthesis. [3] |
Ensures adequate energy supply for cells, especially in high-energy tissues like the heart and muscles, given its role in the electron transport chain.[3] |
| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) |
Precursor to NAD+, supporting energy production. [5] |
Deficiency can cause fatigue; adequate intake is essential for metabolic health, especially given potential dietary deficiencies. [4] |
| Vitamin B3 (Niacinamide) |
Prevents deficiency-related cognitive decline and supports nerve health [5] |
Deficiency can cause fatigue; adequate intake is essential for metabolic health, especially given potential dietary deficiencies. [5] |
| Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) |
Essential for the synthesis of coenzyme A, central to energy metabolism. [6] |
CoA is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, crucial for energy production; deficiency impairs metabolic function. [6] |